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Carbon
Monoxide in the Workplace
Carbon
monoxide is a colorless, odorless, tasteless and poisonous
gas. It is the product of incomplete burning of any
material containing carbon, such as gasoline, liquid
petroleum, natural gas or diesel fuel. Internal combustion
engines that use these fuels are sources of exposure
in the workplace. Control of carbon monoxide levels
in the workplace is dependent on ventilation and proper
maintenance of carbon monoxide producers, including
internal combustion powered equipment.
Internal
combustion engines that are run properly will still
produce carbon monoxide emissions and deplete the oxygen
supply sufficiently, affecting the ambient air of the
work environment if the ambient air exchange is not
adequate. Always use ventilation as the primary means
of control by providing the necessary air exchange capability.
Ventilation
shall be provided in enclosed areas where internal combustion
powered equipment is used to maintain an atmosphere
that shall not exceed the contamination levels specified
by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial
Hygienists (ACGIH) "Threshold Limit Values (TLV)
of Airborne Contaminants." This includes the atmosphere
within the truck cab when a cab is provided.
Common
symptoms of carbon monoxide exposure may include headaches,
dizziness and nausea. If employees exhibit these symptoms,
move them into fresh air, seek medical attention as
required and determine the source of carbon monoxide
by monitoring the TLVs in the areas of exposures.
At lower levels, people sometimes mistake the symptoms
of carbon monoxide exposure for the flu or do not associate
their severe headache and nausea with carbon monoxide
exposure. People with heart conditions or other health
problems can be more sensitive to the effects of carbon
monoxide.
Health Effects of Carbon Monoxide
We have put together a table outlining the effects of
carbon monoxide on humans. It doesn't take much carbon
monoxide to cause problems.
|
*PPM
CO
in air
|
Percent
CO
in air
|
Time
|
Symptoms
|
| 50 |
0.0035% |
8 hours |
Maximum exposure allowed
by OSHA in the workplace over an eight-hour
period. |
| 200 |
0.02% |
2-3 hours |
Mild headache, fatigue,
nausea and dizziness. |
| 400 |
0.04% |
1-2 hours |
Serious headache - other
symptoms intensify. Life threatening
after 3 hours. |
| 800 |
0.08% |
45 minutes |
Dizziness, nausea and
convulsions. Unconscious within 2 hours.
Death within 2-3 hours. |
| 1600 |
0.16% |
20 minutes |
Headache, dizziness and
nausea. Death within 1 hour. |
| 3200 |
0.32% |
5-10 minutes |
Headache, dizziness and
nausea. Death within 1 hour. |
| 6400 |
0.64% |
1-2 minutes |
Headache, dizziness and
nausea. Death within 25-30 minutes. |
| 12,800 |
1.2% |
1-3 minutes |
Death |
|
|
|
*PPM
= parts per million
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The
carbon monoxide present in the exhaust gases of internal
combustion engines (gasoline, diesel or LPG) accounts
for the majority of man-made emissions. The resultant
workplace hazards are widespread and often unappreciated.
It
should be understood that a situation accepted as safe
on the basis of past experience can suddenly become
extremely hazardous if the ventilation is reduced or
the rate or duration of carbon monoxide production increases.
Prevention
Carbon monoxide has been called the silent killer, but
most overexposure can be avoided. Keep all vehicles,
heating systems and other combustion-producing equipment
in top condition. Operate this equipment only in well-ventilated
areas and don't ignore or brush off symptoms of carbon
monoxide exposure. It could be the flu, but it could
be carbon monoxide poisoning. Get to fresh air immediately,
then find out if carbon monoxide caused the problem,
and take action to ventilate the area and fix the equipment
so it doesn't put you or anyone else at risk.
Questions concerning the degree of concentration and
methods of sampling to ascertain the conditions present
should be referred to a qualified professional. Users
must follow applicable local, state and federal regulations
that apply to their workplace.
Treating Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
Carbon monoxide poisoning, particularly from LPG-powered
forklift trucks, occurs frequently with little or no
warning. Take corrective action with these basic steps:
Evacuate, Ventilate, Investigate.
- Move the affected person to fresh air. Administer
oxygen if available.
- Contact medical help.
- If the person is not breathing, perform artificial
respiration as taught in Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
Training until medical help arrives.
- Ventilate the area.
- Investigate the source of carbon monoxide
and make repairs.
This
material provided by Washington State Department of
Labor and Industries.
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